How can wildlife managers scare bears to discourage them from getting too comfortable around people—and their food? That's an important question for the sake of both bruins and humans, and new information gathered in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park offers some answers.
The study was conducted between June 2002 and September 2005 in Sequoia, and the results have been published in the January issue of The Journal of Wildlife Management.
The study recorded 1,050 events of aversive conditioning on more than 150 bears. Most events involved 36 identified bears that had become “food-conditioned.”
In case you aren't familiar with the term "adverse conditioning," the study offers this explanation, along with some of the reasons the techniques are used:
To keep bears at a safe distance from humans and sources of human food, national park personnel use various methods of aversive conditioning to scare these animals away. Pepper spray, chasing, and projectiles—shooting with rubber slugs, using slingshots, and throwing rocks—were the methods evaluated during a four-year study in Sequoia National Park, California.
When bears become food-conditioned, they approach humans or frequent human-occupied sites in search of food. This creates opportunities for human–bear conflicts. The goal of aversive conditioning is for bears to make a strong connection between humans and a negative stimulus.
Park personnel reinforce this negative relationship by yelling at the bear during the hazing event. The advantages of aversive conditioning methods are that they can be used multiple times and are safe and cost-effective.
So, what was learned from the study?
It evaluated short-term and long-term successes of the bear hazing, noting how soon and how often bears returned. Aversive conditioning was most effective when applied quickly after a bear’s first contact with human food. Shooting bears with rubber slugs from a 12-gauge shotgun was found to be slightly more effective than any other method.
The study abstract included an example of why this information is important:
One bear, fed by park visitors as a cute cub who followed his mother to areas where people were nearby, became aggressive as a yearling and did not stop the learned behavior of approaching people, so he had to be killed. Eleven bears accounted for 90 percent of the hazing events. Six bears were either killed or relocated for safety reasons during the study period.
As we've pointed out in a previous article in the Traveler, bears which become too comfortable around people can cause considerable damage to vehicles and other property.
The study offers some perspective on the usefulness of adverse conditioning for bears—and suggests an interesting alternative to those techniques.
Overall, aversive conditioning reduced but did not eliminate incidents of bears entering developed areas to forage for food. The study noted that in areas where bears require access to critical habitats, it may be best to seasonally exclude people rather than bears.
Comments
While adversive conditioning of bears might be useful, the sensible thing to do would be to yell and throw stones at the visitors that fed the "cute cub" in the first place. Shooting them with rubber bullets could be appropriate as well.
And shutting out people from bear habitat seasonally or in reaction to bear activity is a SOP in Canadian National Parks. The Portal area in Jasper NPs backcountry is closed for hikers several times a year.
I like your idea of shooting bear feeders with rubber bullets. However, inasmuch as they make the parks more dangerous for everyone, we might take it a step further: Recruit paintballers, set up teams, leagues, TV contracts, etc. Lord knows the NPS could use the money - and it's in keeping with the parks recreational mandate
Closing critical bear habitat to humans seasonally is also SOP in Yellowstone NP, or at least was the last time I was there. I'll defer to Jim McDonald's greater knowledge if he reads this...
I really wish I had some sort of hazing weapon (a paintball gun or slingshot with plastic shot would do nicely) the last time I was in Yosemite. However - they are considered weapons and only NPS personnel are allowed to have them.
I tried the old pots and pans, but I sort of woke up because of the ruckus and probably got to the bear a minute after it had already figured out that the bear box wasn't locked (apparently the mechanism was jammed and not properly closing). I would note that I attached an additional padlock to our site's bear box. Even something like a light-duty carbiner would have prevented this box from opening.
Another person tried throwing a rock near it, but that didn't phase it. Someone in the site next to ours said that he tried and it charged him. Most of us were a little bit scared. I'm thinking that I had almost a full case of 500 ml bottled water and maybe two or three direct hits and the bear doesn't think it's worth it any more.
What did scare it was a park ranger jumping out of an NPS issue pickup truck yelling "Get out of here!" I think she was on bear patrol and the campground's receivers were picking up this bear's transmitter signal. I'm guessing that this bear knew who she was and of the assorted hardware that she had at her disposal.