The partially frozen Madison River in Yellowstone National Park/Library of Congress, Carol M. Highsmith

Rivers in the Rocky Mountains that typically freeze over during winter are expected to see fewer days of being frozen as the climate continues to warm, according to researchers at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Many streams in Rocky Mountain, Grand Teton, Yellowstone, and Glacier national parks likely will be affected.

If you've ever made it out to Avalanche Lake in Glacier during the winter, you've no doubt admired the long, icy tendrils of vertical rivers that stream down the rimming mountains.

In Yellowstone, the Madison River has frozen in places in years past, as has the Yellowstone River. At Grand Teton, the coldest of winters finds ice squeezing the surface of the Gros Ventre River, while in Rocky Mountain National Park the smaller streams freeze over.

At the very least, the declining days of ice will diminish the beauty of these streams,

According to the researchers, more than half of Earth's rivers freeze over every year. "These frozen rivers support important transportation networks for communities and industries located at high latitudes," they say. "Ice cover also regulates the amount of greenhouse gasses released from rivers into Earth's atmosphere."

However, the researchers say that annual river ice cover will decline by about six days for every one degree Celsius increase in global temperatures. The study, "The past and future of global river ice," was published Jan. 1 in the journal Nature. It is the first study to look at the future of river ice on a global scale.

"We used more than 400,000 satellite images taken over 34 years to measure which rivers seasonally freeze over worldwide, which is about 56 percent of all large rivers," said Xiao Yang, a postdoctoral scholar in the UNC-Chapel Hill geological sciences department and lead author on the paper. "We detected widespread declines in monthly river ice coverage. And the predicted trend of future ice loss is likely to lead to economic challenges for people and industries along these rivers, and shifting seasonal patterns in greenhouse gas emissions from the ice-affected rivers."

The team also looked at changes to river ice cover in the past and modeled predicted changes for the future. Comparing river ice cover from 2008-2018 and 1984-1994, the team found a monthly global decline ranging from .3 to 4.3 percentage points. The greatest declines were found in the Tibetan Plateau, eastern Europe and Alaska.

"The observed decline in river ice is likely to continue with predicted global warming," the study explains.

For the future, the team compared expected river ice cover through 2009-2029 and 2080-2100. Findings showed monthly declines in the Northern Hemisphere ranging from 9-15 percent in the winter months and 12-68 percent during the spring and fall. The Rocky Mountains, northeastern United States, eastern Europe and Tibetan Plateau are expected to take the heaviest impact.

"Ultimately, what this study shows is the power of combining massive amounts of satellite imagery with climate models to help better project how our planet will change," said UNC-Chapel Hill Associate Professor of global hydrology Tamlin Pavelsky.